Composition and safety evaluation of tea from New Zealand kawakawa (Piper excelsum) was written by Butts, Christine A.;van Klink, John W.;Joyce, Nigel I.;Paturi, Gunaranjan;Hedderley, Duncan I.;Martell, Sheridan;Harvey, Dawn. And the article was included in Journal of Ethnopharmacology in 2019.Formula: C14H25NO The following contents are mentioned in the article:
Kawakawa (Piper excelsum) has food, medicinal and cultural importance to the indigenous Ma̅ori people of New Zealand, and is being incorporated into a range of com. food and therapeutic products, including tea. In this study, the chem. compositions of kawakawa fresh leaves, dried leaves for tea, and hot brewed tea, were analyzed and compared. The key metabolites were diayangambin, elemicin, myristicin, unidentified lignans and amides. The safety of brewed tea and tea leaves were evaluated in 8 wk old Sprague Dawley rats in a 14 day acute study followed by a 28 day subacute study. In the 14 day study, the rats received the equivalent of 1, 2, 3 or 4 cups of kawakawa tea, and the rats in the 28 day study received daily doses that were equivalent to 4 cups per day. There were no adverse effects observed in the rats, and body weights and food intakes were not significantly different between the control and the kawakawa treated animals. There were small differences in organ weights, biochem. and haematol. parameters observed in the rats given the kawakawa tea. In conclusion, the consumption of kawakawa tea could be considered safe within the conditions used in this study. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as (2E,4E)-N-Isobutyldeca-2,4-dienamide (cas: 18836-52-7Formula: C14H25NO).
(2E,4E)-N-Isobutyldeca-2,4-dienamide (cas: 18836-52-7) belongs to amides. Amides include many other important biological compounds, as well as many drugs like paracetamol, penicillin and LSD. Low-molecular-weight amides, such as dimethylformamide, are common solvents. Amides can be recrystallised from large quantities of water, ethanol, ethanol/ether, aqueous ethanol, chloroform/toluene, chloroform or acetic acid. The likely impurities are the parent acids or the alkyl esters from which they have been made. The former can be removed by thorough washing with aqueous ammonia followed by recrystallisation, whereas elimination of the latter is by trituration or recrystallisation from an organic solvent.Formula: C14H25NO
Referemce:
Amide – Wikipedia,
Amide – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics