NAD+ Precursors Repair Mitochondrial Function in Diabetes and Prevent Experimental Diabetic Neuropathy was written by Chandrasekaran, Krish;Najimi, Neda;Sagi, Avinash R.;Yarlagadda, Sushuma;Salimian, Mohammad;Arvas, Muhammed Ikbal;Hedayat, Ahmad F.;Kevas, Yanni;Kadakia, Anand;Russell, James W.. And the article was included in International Journal of Molecular Sciences in 2022.Category: amides-buliding-blocks The following contents are mentioned in the article:
Axon degeneration in diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is associated with impaired NAD+ metabolism We tested whether the administration of NAD+ precursors, NMN (NMN) or nicotinamide riboside (NR), prevents DPN in models of Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. NMN was administered to streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats and STZ-induced diabetic mice by i.p. injection at 50 or 100 mg/kg on alternate days for 2 mo. mice The were fed with a high fat diet (HFD) for 2 mo with or without added NR at 150 or 300 mg/kg for 2 mo. The administration of NMN to STZ-induced diabetic rats or mice or dietary addition of NR to HFD-fed mice improved sensory function, normalized sciatic and tail nerve conduction velocities, and prevented loss of intraepidermal nerve fibers in skin samples from the hind-paw. In adult dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons isolated from HFD-fed mice, there was a decrease in NAD+ levels and mitochondrial maximum reserve capacity. These impairments were normalized in isolated DRG neurons from NR-treated mice. The results indicate that the correction of NAD+ depletion in DRG may be sufficient to prevent DPN but does not significantly affect glucose tolerance, insulin levels, or insulin resistance. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as ((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(3-Carbamoylpyridin-1-ium-1-yl)-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyl hydrogen phosphate (cas: 1094-61-7Category: amides-buliding-blocks).
((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(3-Carbamoylpyridin-1-ium-1-yl)-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyl hydrogen phosphate (cas: 1094-61-7) belongs to amides. In primary and secondary amides, the presence of N–H dipoles allows amides to function as H-bond donors as well. Thus amides can participate in hydrogen bonding with water and other protic solvents; the oxygen atom can accept hydrogen bonds from water and the N–H hydrogen atoms can donate H-bonds. Amides can be recrystallised from large quantities of water, ethanol, ethanol/ether, aqueous ethanol, chloroform/toluene, chloroform or acetic acid. The likely impurities are the parent acids or the alkyl esters from which they have been made. The former can be removed by thorough washing with aqueous ammonia followed by recrystallisation, whereas elimination of the latter is by trituration or recrystallisation from an organic solvent.Category: amides-buliding-blocks
Referemce:
Amide – Wikipedia,
Amide – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics