Month: November 2022

Integrative analysis of transcriptomics and metabolomics to reveal the melanogenesis pathway of muscle and related meat characters in Wuliangshan black-boned chickens was written by Dou, Tengfei;Yan, Shixiong;Liu, Lixian;Wang, Kun;Jian, Zonghui;Xu, Zhiqiang;Zhao, Jingying;Wang, Qiuting;Sun, Shuai;Talpur, Mir Zulqarnain;Duan, Xiaohua;Gu, Dahai;He, Yang;Du, Yanli;Abdulwahid, Alsoufi Mohammed;Li, Qihua;Rong, Hua;Cao, Weina;Su, Zhengchang;Zhao, Guiping;Liu, Ranran;Zhao, Sumei;Huang, Ying;te Pas, Marinus F. W.;Ge, Changrong;Jia, Junjing. And the article was included in BMC Genomics in 2022.Category: amides-buliding-blocks The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Melanin is an important antioxidant in food and has been used in medicine and cosmetol. Chicken meat with high melanin content from black-boned chickens have been considered a high nutritious food with potential medicinal properties. The mol. mechanism of melanogenesis of skeletal muscle in black-boned chickens remain poorly understood. This study investigated the biol. gene-metabolite associations regulating the muscle melanogenesis pathways in Wuliangshan black-boned chickens with two normal boned chicken breeds as control. We identified 25 differentially expressed genes and 11 transcription factors in the melanogenesis pathways. High levels of the meat favor compounds inosine monophosphate, hypoxanthine, lysophospholipid, hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid, and NMN were found in Wuliangshan black-boned chickens. Integrative anal. of transcriptomics and metabolomics revealed the dual physiol. functions of the PDZK1 gene, involved in pigmentation and/or melanogenesis and regulating the phospholipid signaling processes in muscle of black boned chickens. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as ((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(3-Carbamoylpyridin-1-ium-1-yl)-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyl hydrogen phosphate (cas: 1094-61-7Category: amides-buliding-blocks).

((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(3-Carbamoylpyridin-1-ium-1-yl)-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyl hydrogen phosphate (cas: 1094-61-7) belongs to amides. Amides include many other important biological compounds, as well as many drugs like paracetamol, penicillin and LSD. Low-molecular-weight amides, such as dimethylformamide, are common solvents. In simple aromatic amides, fragmentation occurs on both sides of the carbonyl group. If a hydrogen is available in N-substituted aromatic amides, it tends to migrate and form an aromatic amine and the loss of a ketene.Category: amides-buliding-blocks

Referemce:
Amide – Wikipedia,
Amide – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Integrative analysis of transcriptomics and metabolomics to reveal the melanogenesis pathway of muscle and related meat characters in Wuliangshan black-boned chickens was written by Dou, Tengfei;Yan, Shixiong;Liu, Lixian;Wang, Kun;Jian, Zonghui;Xu, Zhiqiang;Zhao, Jingying;Wang, Qiuting;Sun, Shuai;Talpur, Mir Zulqarnain;Duan, Xiaohua;Gu, Dahai;He, Yang;Du, Yanli;Abdulwahid, Alsoufi Mohammed;Li, Qihua;Rong, Hua;Cao, Weina;Su, Zhengchang;Zhao, Guiping;Liu, Ranran;Zhao, Sumei;Huang, Ying;te Pas, Marinus F. W.;Ge, Changrong;Jia, Junjing. And the article was included in BMC Genomics in 2022.Recommanded Product: 1094-61-7 The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Melanin is an important antioxidant in food and has been used in medicine and cosmetol. Chicken meat with high melanin content from black-boned chickens have been considered a high nutritious food with potential medicinal properties. The mol. mechanism of melanogenesis of skeletal muscle in black-boned chickens remain poorly understood. This study investigated the biol. gene-metabolite associations regulating the muscle melanogenesis pathways in Wuliangshan black-boned chickens with two normal boned chicken breeds as control. We identified 25 differentially expressed genes and 11 transcription factors in the melanogenesis pathways. High levels of the meat favor compounds inosine monophosphate, hypoxanthine, lysophospholipid, hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid, and NMN were found in Wuliangshan black-boned chickens. Integrative anal. of transcriptomics and metabolomics revealed the dual physiol. functions of the PDZK1 gene, involved in pigmentation and/or melanogenesis and regulating the phospholipid signaling processes in muscle of black boned chickens. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as ((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(3-Carbamoylpyridin-1-ium-1-yl)-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyl hydrogen phosphate (cas: 1094-61-7Recommanded Product: 1094-61-7).

((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(3-Carbamoylpyridin-1-ium-1-yl)-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyl hydrogen phosphate (cas: 1094-61-7) belongs to amides. Compared to amines, amides are very weak bases and do not have clearly defined acid–base properties in water. On the other hand, amides are much stronger bases than esters, aldehydes, and ketones. In simple aromatic amides, fragmentation occurs on both sides of the carbonyl group. If a hydrogen is available in N-substituted aromatic amides, it tends to migrate and form an aromatic amine and the loss of a ketene.Recommanded Product: 1094-61-7

Referemce:
Amide – Wikipedia,
Amide – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Oral Administration of Nicotinamide Mononucleotide Increases Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Level in an Animal Brain was written by Ramanathan, Chidambaram;Lackie, Thomas;Williams, Drake H.;Simone, Paul S.;Zhang, Yufeng;Bloomer, Richard J.. And the article was included in Nutrients in 2022.Electric Literature of C11H15N2O8P The following contents are mentioned in the article:

As a redox-sensitive coenzyme, NAD (NAD+) plays a central role in cellular energy metabolism and homeostasis. Low NAD+ levels are linked to multiple disease states, including age-related diseases, such as metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases. Consequently, restoring/increasing NAD+ levels in vivo has emerged as an important intervention targeting age-related neurodegenerative diseases. One of the widely studied approaches to increase NAD+ levels in vivo is accomplished by using NAD+ precursors, such as NMN (NMN). Oral administration of NMN has been shown to successfully increase NAD+ levels in a variety of tissues; however, it remains unclear whether NMN can cross the blood-brain barrier to increase brain NAD+ levels. This study evaluated the effects of oral NMN administration on NAD+ levels in C57/B6J mice brain tissues. Our results demonstrate that oral gavage of 400 mg/kg NMN successfully increases brain NAD+ levels in mice after 45 min. These findings provide evidence that NMN may be used as an intervention to increase NAD+ levels in the brain. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as ((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(3-Carbamoylpyridin-1-ium-1-yl)-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyl hydrogen phosphate (cas: 1094-61-7Electric Literature of C11H15N2O8P).

((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(3-Carbamoylpyridin-1-ium-1-yl)-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyl hydrogen phosphate (cas: 1094-61-7) belongs to amides. Compared to amines, amides are very weak bases and do not have clearly defined acid–base properties in water. On the other hand, amides are much stronger bases than esters, aldehydes, and ketones. As a result of interactions such as these, the water solubility of amides is greater than that of corresponding hydrocarbons. These hydrogen bonds are also have an important role in the secondary structure of proteins.Electric Literature of C11H15N2O8P

Referemce:
Amide – Wikipedia,
Amide – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Oral Administration of Nicotinamide Mononucleotide Increases Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Level in an Animal Brain was written by Ramanathan, Chidambaram;Lackie, Thomas;Williams, Drake H.;Simone, Paul S.;Zhang, Yufeng;Bloomer, Richard J.. And the article was included in Nutrients in 2022.Computed Properties of C11H15N2O8P The following contents are mentioned in the article:

As a redox-sensitive coenzyme, NAD (NAD+) plays a central role in cellular energy metabolism and homeostasis. Low NAD+ levels are linked to multiple disease states, including age-related diseases, such as metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases. Consequently, restoring/increasing NAD+ levels in vivo has emerged as an important intervention targeting age-related neurodegenerative diseases. One of the widely studied approaches to increase NAD+ levels in vivo is accomplished by using NAD+ precursors, such as NMN (NMN). Oral administration of NMN has been shown to successfully increase NAD+ levels in a variety of tissues; however, it remains unclear whether NMN can cross the blood-brain barrier to increase brain NAD+ levels. This study evaluated the effects of oral NMN administration on NAD+ levels in C57/B6J mice brain tissues. Our results demonstrate that oral gavage of 400 mg/kg NMN successfully increases brain NAD+ levels in mice after 45 min. These findings provide evidence that NMN may be used as an intervention to increase NAD+ levels in the brain. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as ((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(3-Carbamoylpyridin-1-ium-1-yl)-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyl hydrogen phosphate (cas: 1094-61-7Computed Properties of C11H15N2O8P).

((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(3-Carbamoylpyridin-1-ium-1-yl)-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyl hydrogen phosphate (cas: 1094-61-7) belongs to amides. Compared to amines, amides are very weak bases and do not have clearly defined acid–base properties in water. On the other hand, amides are much stronger bases than esters, aldehydes, and ketones. Ionic, or saltlike, amides are strongly alkaline compounds ordinarily made by treating ammonia, an amine, or a covalent amide with a reactive metal such as sodium.Computed Properties of C11H15N2O8P

Referemce:
Amide – Wikipedia,
Amide – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Metabolic design for selective production of nicotinamide mononucleotide from glucose and nicotinamide was written by Shoji, Shinichiro;Yamaji, Taiki;Makino, Harumi;Ishii, Jun;Kondo, Akihiko. And the article was included in Metabolic Engineering in 2021.Application In Synthesis of ((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(3-Carbamoylpyridin-1-ium-1-yl)-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyl hydrogen phosphate The following contents are mentioned in the article:

β-NMN (NMN) is, one of the nucleotide compounds, a precursor of NAD⁺ and has recently attracted attention as a nutraceutical. Here, we develop a whole-cell biocatalyst using Escherichia coli, which enabled selective and effective high production of NMN from the inexpensive feedstock substrates glucose and nicotinamide (Nam). Notably, we identify two actively functional transporters (NiaP and PnuC) and a high-activity key enzyme (Nampt), permitting intracellular Nam uptake, efficient conversion of phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate (PRPP; supplied from glucose) and Nam to NMN, and NMN excretion extracellularly. Further, enhancement of the PRPP biosynthetic pathway and optimization of individual gene expression enable drastically higher NMN production than reported thus far. The strain extracellularly produces 6.79 g l^-1 of NMN from glucose and Nam, and the reaction selectivity from Nam to NMN is 86%. Our approach will be promising for low-cost, high-quality industrial production of NMN and other nucleotide compounds using microorganisms. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as ((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(3-Carbamoylpyridin-1-ium-1-yl)-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyl hydrogen phosphate (cas: 1094-61-7Application In Synthesis of ((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(3-Carbamoylpyridin-1-ium-1-yl)-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyl hydrogen phosphate).

((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(3-Carbamoylpyridin-1-ium-1-yl)-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyl hydrogen phosphate (cas: 1094-61-7) belongs to amides. Because of the greater electronegativity of oxygen, the carbonyl (C=O) is a stronger dipole than the N–C dipole. The presence of a C=O dipole and, to a lesser extent a N–C dipole, allows amides to act as H-bond acceptors. In simple aromatic amides, fragmentation occurs on both sides of the carbonyl group. If a hydrogen is available in N-substituted aromatic amides, it tends to migrate and form an aromatic amine and the loss of a ketene.Application In Synthesis of ((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(3-Carbamoylpyridin-1-ium-1-yl)-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyl hydrogen phosphate

Referemce:
Amide – Wikipedia,
Amide – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Novel dimeric amide alkaloids from Piper chaba Hunter: Isolation, cytotoxic activity, and their biomimetic synthesis was written by Rao, V. Rama Subba;Suresh, G.;Babu, K. Suresh;Raju, S. Satyanarayana;Vishnu Vardhan, M. V. P. S.;Ramakrishna, Sistla;Rao, J. Madhusudana. And the article was included in Tetrahedron in 2011.HPLC of Formula: 18836-52-7 The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Chromatog. fractionation of methanol extract from roots of the Piper chaba Hunter resulted in the isolation of four new dimeric alkaloids, chabamide H (I), I (II), J (III), K (IV) together with 11 known compounds (5-15). Their chem. structures and relative stereochem. were determined on the basis of the comprehensive spectroscopic techniques (IR, mass, and NMR) and further confirmed by comparison of the data with those reported in literature. In addition, cytotoxic activities of all the dimeric amides (1-7) along with their monomers (8-10) were evaluated against cervical (HELA), breast (MCF-7), liver (HEPG2), colon (HT-29), and colon (COLO-205) cancer cell lines. Among the tested isolates, 5 and 7 exhibited potent cytotoxic activity against COLO-205 cell line with IC₅₀ value of 3.10 μg/mL and 0.018 μg/mL, resp. To prove biogenesis of the newly isolated compounds, biomimetic synthesis has also been carried out via Diels-Alder reaction by using copper(II) salts in aqueous medium. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as (2E,4E)-N-Isobutyldeca-2,4-dienamide (cas: 18836-52-7HPLC of Formula: 18836-52-7).

(2E,4E)-N-Isobutyldeca-2,4-dienamide (cas: 18836-52-7) belongs to amides. The amide group is called a peptide bond when it is part of the main chain of a protein, and an isopeptide bond when it occurs in a side chain, such as in the amino acids asparagine and glutamine. In simple aromatic amides, fragmentation occurs on both sides of the carbonyl group. If a hydrogen is available in N-substituted aromatic amides, it tends to migrate and form an aromatic amine and the loss of a ketene.HPLC of Formula: 18836-52-7

Referemce:
Amide – Wikipedia,
Amide – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

MsrA Efflux Pump Inhibitory Activity of Piper cubeba L.f. and its Phytoconstituents against Staphylococcus aureus RN4220 was written by Ahirrao, Pallavi;Tambat, Rushikesh;Chandal, Nishtha;Mahey, Nisha;Kamboj, Anjoo;Jain, Upendra K.;Singh, Inder Pal;Jachak, Sanjay M.;Nandanwar, Hemraj S.. And the article was included in Chemistry & Biodiversity in 2020.Application of 18836-52-7 The following contents are mentioned in the article:

MsrA, an efflux pump belonging to ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter family that conferred resistance to macrolides, was detected in Staphylococcus aureus strains. Herein, we report the isolation of phytoconstituents from Piper cubeba fruit methanol extract and investigated their efflux pump inhibitory potential against S. aureus MsrA pump. Four isolated compounds, viz. pellitorine, sesamin, piperic acid and tetrahydropiperine studied in combination with erythromycin in S. aureus RN4220, exhibited 2-8-fold reduction in min. inhibitory concentration (MIC) of erythromycin. Pellitorine and sesamin decreased MIC of erythromycin by 8-fold. The real-time fluorometry-based efflux and accumulation studies of ethidium bromide (EtBr) on S. aureus RN4220 in the presence of these compounds showed reduced efflux and enhanced uptake, thus indicating inhibition of the efflux pump. Pellitorine showed significant post-antibiotic effect of erythromycin. The results revealed that the primary mechanism of action of these compounds involves steady ATP production impairment. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as (2E,4E)-N-Isobutyldeca-2,4-dienamide (cas: 18836-52-7Application of 18836-52-7).

(2E,4E)-N-Isobutyldeca-2,4-dienamide (cas: 18836-52-7) belongs to amides. The solubilities of amides and esters are roughly comparable. Typically amides are less soluble than comparable amines and carboxylic acids since these compounds can both donate and accept hydrogen bonds. Tertiary amides, with the important exception of N,N-dimethylformamide, exhibit low solubility in water. Amides are not in general accessible by the direct condensation of amines with carboxylic acids for two reasons: first, both components are readily deactivated by a transfer of a proton from the acid to the amine and second, the hydroxy unit on the carbonyl of the acid is a relatively poor leaving group. Nevertheless, the formation of five- and six-membered rings is often surprisingly simple provided that other factors can be brought into play to assist in the condensation.Application of 18836-52-7

Referemce:
Amide – Wikipedia,
Amide – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Type I interferons affect the metabolic fitness of CD8⁺ T cells from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus was written by Buang, Norzawani;Tapeng, Lunnathaya;Gray, Victor;Sardini, Alessandro;Whilding, Chad;Lightstone, Liz;Cairns, Thomas D.;Pickering, Matthew C.;Behmoaras, Jacques;Ling, Guang Sheng;Botto, Marina. And the article was included in Nature Communications in 2021.Computed Properties of C11H15N2O8P The following contents are mentioned in the article:

The majority of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) have high expression of type I IFN-stimulated genes. Mitochondrial abnormalities have also been reported, but the contribution of type I IFN exposure to these changes is unknown. Here, we show downregulation of mitochondria-derived genes and mitochondria-associated metabolic pathways in IFN-High patients from transcriptomic anal. of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. CD8+ T cells from these patients have enlarged mitochondria and lower spare respiratory capacity associated with increased cell death upon rechallenge with TCR stimulation. These mitochondrial abnormalities can be phenocopied by exposing CD8+ T cells from healthy volunteers to type I IFN and TCR stimulation. Mechanistically these ‘SLE-like conditions increase CD8+ T cell NAD+ consumption resulting in impaired mitochondrial respiration and reduced cell viability, both of which can be rectified by NAD+ supplementation. Our data suggest that type I IFN exposure contributes to SLE pathogenesis by promoting CD8+ T cell death via metabolic rewiring. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as ((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(3-Carbamoylpyridin-1-ium-1-yl)-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyl hydrogen phosphate (cas: 1094-61-7Computed Properties of C11H15N2O8P).

((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(3-Carbamoylpyridin-1-ium-1-yl)-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyl hydrogen phosphate (cas: 1094-61-7) belongs to amides. Amides are pervasive in nature and technology. Proteins and important plastics like Nylons, Aramid, Twaron, and Kevlar are polymers whose units are connected by amide groups (polyamides); these linkages are easily formed, confer structural rigidity, and resist hydrolysis. Amides are stable compounds. The lower-melting members (such as acetamide) can be readily purified by fractional distillation. Most amides are solids which have low solubilities in water.Computed Properties of C11H15N2O8P

Referemce:
Amide – Wikipedia,
Amide – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Type I interferons affect the metabolic fitness of CD8⁺ T cells from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus was written by Buang, Norzawani;Tapeng, Lunnathaya;Gray, Victor;Sardini, Alessandro;Whilding, Chad;Lightstone, Liz;Cairns, Thomas D.;Pickering, Matthew C.;Behmoaras, Jacques;Ling, Guang Sheng;Botto, Marina. And the article was included in Nature Communications in 2021.Computed Properties of C11H15N2O8P The following contents are mentioned in the article:

The majority of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) have high expression of type I IFN-stimulated genes. Mitochondrial abnormalities have also been reported, but the contribution of type I IFN exposure to these changes is unknown. Here, we show downregulation of mitochondria-derived genes and mitochondria-associated metabolic pathways in IFN-High patients from transcriptomic anal. of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. CD8+ T cells from these patients have enlarged mitochondria and lower spare respiratory capacity associated with increased cell death upon rechallenge with TCR stimulation. These mitochondrial abnormalities can be phenocopied by exposing CD8+ T cells from healthy volunteers to type I IFN and TCR stimulation. Mechanistically these ‘SLE-like conditions increase CD8+ T cell NAD+ consumption resulting in impaired mitochondrial respiration and reduced cell viability, both of which can be rectified by NAD+ supplementation. Our data suggest that type I IFN exposure contributes to SLE pathogenesis by promoting CD8+ T cell death via metabolic rewiring. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as ((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(3-Carbamoylpyridin-1-ium-1-yl)-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyl hydrogen phosphate (cas: 1094-61-7Computed Properties of C11H15N2O8P).

((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(3-Carbamoylpyridin-1-ium-1-yl)-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyl hydrogen phosphate (cas: 1094-61-7) belongs to amides. Amides are pervasive in nature and technology. Proteins and important plastics like Nylons, Aramid, Twaron, and Kevlar are polymers whose units are connected by amide groups (polyamides); these linkages are easily formed, confer structural rigidity, and resist hydrolysis. Ionic, or saltlike, amides are strongly alkaline compounds ordinarily made by treating ammonia, an amine, or a covalent amide with a reactive metal such as sodium.Computed Properties of C11H15N2O8P

Referemce:
Amide – Wikipedia,
Amide – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

New perspective based on senescence biology was written by Kondoh, Hiroshi. And the article was included in Igaku no Ayumi in 2021.SDS of cas: 1094-61-7 The following contents are mentioned in the article:

A review. In recent years, with the progress of basic aging research, the conventional basic concepts of aging, “irreversible” and “harmfulness”, are being reviewed. This is the reason why the possibility of aging control is pointed out along with the necessity of redefining aging. For example, telomere length measurement technol. confirmed the importance of lifestyle-related improvement for aging (telomere effect). Alternatively, the health benefits of NMN (NMN), a precursor of NAD, have been attracting attention, originating from the calorie restriction hypothesis. Furthermore, the discovery of both sides of cellular senescence revealed that inflammatory cytokine secretion from senescent cells causes chronic inflammation through cellular senescence-related secretory traits (SASP). As a result, chronic anti-inflammatory agents (anti-IL-1 antibody agents) and senolytic agents (senolysis, anti-Bcl-2 inhibitors) were found as potential new treatments for age-related diseases. This article outlines the possibilities of aging control, which was once a dream story. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as ((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(3-Carbamoylpyridin-1-ium-1-yl)-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyl hydrogen phosphate (cas: 1094-61-7SDS of cas: 1094-61-7).

((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(3-Carbamoylpyridin-1-ium-1-yl)-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyl hydrogen phosphate (cas: 1094-61-7) belongs to amides. Amides include many other important biological compounds, as well as many drugs like paracetamol, penicillin and LSD. Low-molecular-weight amides, such as dimethylformamide, are common solvents. In simple aromatic amides, fragmentation occurs on both sides of the carbonyl group. If a hydrogen is available in N-substituted aromatic amides, it tends to migrate and form an aromatic amine and the loss of a ketene.SDS of cas: 1094-61-7

Referemce:
Amide – Wikipedia,
Amide – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics