NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor ameliorates ischemic stroke by reprogramming the phenotype of microglia/macrophage in a murine model of distal middle cerebral artery occlusion was written by Jia, Hongning;Qi, Xiaoyuan;Fu, Lan;Wu, Huijun;Shang, Jinxing;Qu, Mingwei;Yang, Chaoping;Wang, Jianping. And the article was included in Neuropathology in 2022.Safety of 2-(3-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)acrylamido)benzoic acid This article mentions the following:
Stroke is one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. NLRP3 inflammasome has an essential role in the neuropathol. of stroke. Recent studies report that shifting the microglial M1 phenotype to the M2 phenotype protects against ischemic stroke. In the present study, the precise effects of Tranilast, a NLPR3 inflammasome inhibitor, on stroke were evaluated. We established a murine model of distal middle cerebral artery occlusion (dMCAO) and administered Tranilast to dMCAO-induced stroke mice. The NLRP3 level, caspase 1 activity, and infarct volume stroke mice were measured. The sensorimotor function, pro-inflammatory cytokine production, and M1/M2 marker expression were measured. The M1 phenotype was induced by treatment of BV2 microglia with lipopolysacharide and interferon γ, and these BV-2 cells were further treated with Tranilast. The expression of CD16 and CD206 was monitored. dMCAO increased the NLRP3 expression and enhanced caspase 1 activity. Tranilast treatment significantly decreased the infarct volume, improved sensorimotor function, and suppressed the production of inflammatory cytokines in stroke mice. Moreover, Tranilast decreased the M1 marker level while promoting the expression of M2 markers. In summary, our findings suggest that Tranilast ameliorates ischemic stroke through stimulating M2 polarization of microglia. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2-(3-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)acrylamido)benzoic acid (cas: 53902-12-8Safety of 2-(3-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)acrylamido)benzoic acid).
2-(3-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)acrylamido)benzoic acid (cas: 53902-12-8) belongs to amides. The solubilities of amides and esters are roughly comparable. Typically amides are less soluble than comparable amines and carboxylic acids since these compounds can both donate and accept hydrogen bonds. Tertiary amides, with the important exception of N,N-dimethylformamide, exhibit low solubility in water. As a result of interactions such as these, the water solubility of amides is greater than that of corresponding hydrocarbons. These hydrogen bonds are also have an important role in the secondary structure of proteins.Safety of 2-(3-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)acrylamido)benzoic acid
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Amide – Wikipedia,
Amide – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics