Amides-buliding-blocks

Product Details of 90-16-4. Reddy, GS; Snehalatha, AV; Edwin, RK; Hossain, KA; Giliyaru, VB; Hariharapura, RC; Shenoy, GG; Misra, P; Pal, M in [Reddy, Gangireddy Sujeevan; Snehalatha, Ampalam Venkata; Edwin, Rebecca Kristina; Hossain, Kazi Amirul; Misra, Parimal; Pal, Manojit] Dr Reddys Inst Life Sci, Univ Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500046, India; [Reddy, Gangireddy Sujeevan; Giliyaru, Varadaraj Bhat; Hariharapura, Raghu Chandrashekhar; Shenoy, G. Gautham] Manipal Acad Higher Educ, Manipal Coll Pharmaceut Sci, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India published Synthesis of 3-indolylmethyl substituted (pyrazolo/benzo)triazinone derivatives under Pd/Cu-catalysis: Identification of potent inhibitors of chorismate mutase (CM) in 2019, Cited 38. The Name is Benzo[d][1,2,3]triazin-4(3H)-one. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 90-16-4.

The chorismate mutase (CM) is considered as an attractive target for the identification of potential antitubercular agents due to its absence in animals but not in bacteria. A series of 3-indolylmethyl substituted pyrazolo-triazinone derivatives were designed and docked into CM in silico as potential inhibitors. These compounds were efficiently synthesized using the Pd/Cu-catalyzed coupling-cyclization in a single pot involving the construction of indole ring. The methodology was later extended to the preparation of corresponding benzo analogs of pyrazolotriazinones i.e. 3-indolylmethyl substituted benzotriazinone derivatives. Several of these novel compounds showed significant inhibition of CM when tested in vitro at 30 mu M. The SAR (Structure-Activity-Relationship) studies suggested that benzotriazinone moiety was more favorable over the pyrazolotriazinone ring. The two best active compounds showed IC50 similar to 0.4-0.9 mu M (better than the reference/known compounds used) and no toxicity till 30 mu M in vitro.

About Benzo[d][1,2,3]triazin-4(3H)-one, If you have any questions, you can contact Reddy, GS; Snehalatha, AV; Edwin, RK; Hossain, KA; Giliyaru, VB; Hariharapura, RC; Shenoy, GG; Misra, P; Pal, M or concate me.. Product Details of 90-16-4

Reference:
Patent; Guizhou University; Xue Wei; Zhang Juping; Zhang Cheng; Chen Lijuan; Wang Yihui; Li Pu; Li Qin; Ruan Xianghui; Wang Xiaobin; Wu Xiaoqiong; Wang Jun; (24 pag.)CN107602493; (2019); B;,
Amide – Wikipedia,
Amide – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

I found the field of Polymer Science very interesting. Saw the article Synthesis of epoxidized poly(ester carbonate)-b-polyimide-b-poly(ester carbonate): reactive single-walled carbon nanotube dispersants enable synergistic reinforcement around multi-walled nanotube-grafted carbon fibers published in 2019.0. Computed Properties of C8H11NO, Reprint Addresses Chan-Park, MB (corresponding author), Nanyang Technol Univ, Sch Chem & Biomed Engn, 62 Nanyang Dr, Singapore 637459, Singapore.; Shaffer, MSP (corresponding author), Imperial Coll London, Dept Mat, London, England.; Shaffer, MSP (corresponding author), Imperial Coll London, Dept Chem, London, England.. The CAS is 104-10-9. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 2-(4-Aminophenyl)ethanol

Polyimides (PI) generally have a high affinity for single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs), but they suffer from poor solubility in most low boiling point organic solvents and low compatibility with common resins (such as epoxy) used in composites, limiting their suitability as dispersants. PI block copolymer systems containing reactive poly(ester carbonate) s have not yet been reported and are expected to act as effective reactive dispersing agents of SWNTs. Herein, PI-derived block copolymers are synthesized via ring-opening copolymerization of lactide (LA) (a control monomer) and allyl-bearing 2-methyl-2-(allyloxycarbonyl)-propylene carbonate (MAC) from the OH-terminal ends of the PI block to produce PLA-PI-PLA (TB1, a control) and PMAC-PI-PMAC (TB2). The allyl pendant group of TB2 allows further facile functionalization to form a third series of epoxidized (EP) derivatives, i.e. PMACEP-block-PI-block-PMACEP (TB3). TB3 copolymer when mixed with a conventional structural epoxy resin forms blends that do not show inferior tensile properties compared with the epoxy, which is unusual. Furthermore, the mixing solvent tetrahydrofuran (THF) can be readily evaporated off after forming the blends. TB3-dispersed (2 wt%) SWNTs added to epoxy increased the tensile strength, modulus, and elongation at break of the resulting nanocomposite films by 40%, 34%, and 26% respectively, compared to the baseline epoxy resin. Furthermore, when TB3b triblock-dispersed SWNTs in epoxy were combined with fuzzy carbon fibers, i.e. carbon nanotube-grafted-carbon fibers (CNT-g-CF), a synergistic interfacial strength reinforcement was observed, together with shifting of the failure mode from the matrix interphase to the carbon fiber-grafted nanotube interface. The ultimate interfacial shear strength between the TB3-dispersed SWNT-epoxy matrix and the fuzzy carbon fibers (i.e., fibers having carbon nanotubes grown on them) measured via single fiber pull-out tests was 100 MPa, which was ca. 11% improvement over the baseline unsized carbon fiber in neat epoxy. To our knowledge, this is the first evidence of a synergistic enhancement in interfacial properties when fuzzy carbon fibers are combined with a SWNT-reinforced epoxy using the new epoxidized TB3 nanotube dispersing agent that forms a strong covalent TB3-epoxy interface. The new functionalizable TB3 synthesis route introduced here is generalizable to other PI-based copolymers with diverse functionalities and solvent compatibilities.

Computed Properties of C8H11NO. About 2-(4-Aminophenyl)ethanol, If you have any questions, you can contact Liu, B; Liu, CY; De Luca, HG; Pillai, SKR; Anthony, DB; Li, JH; Bismarck, A; Shaffer, MSP; Chan-Park, MB or concate me.

Reference:
Amide – Wikipedia,
,Amide – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Application In Synthesis of Diphenylmethanamine. In 2019.0 ACS CATAL published article about TRIMETHYLSILYL CYANIDE; ENANTIOSELECTIVE CYANOSILYLATION; PRACTICAL SYNTHESIS; AMINO-ACIDS; CYANATION; IMINES; PENTACOORDINATE; HYDROCYANATION; REACTIVITY; ALDIMINES in [Hatano, Manabu; Nishio, Kosuke; Mochizuki, Takuya; Nishikawa, Keisuke; Ishihara, Kazuaki] Nagoya Univ, Grad Sch Engn, Chikusa Ku, Furo Cho, Nagoya, Aichi 4648603, Japan in 2019.0, Cited 84.0. The Name is Diphenylmethanamine. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 91-00-9.

An enantioselective Strecker-type reaction of aldimines and ketimines was developed by using a chiral dilithium(I) binaphthyldisulfonate as a chiral acid-base cooperative catalyst. The present catalytic system features an extremely short reaction time (10 min to 4 h), unlike conventional catalytic systems. Along with the design of stronger chiral Li(I) Lewis acid catalysts, a highly reactive pentacoordinate silicate generated in situ could promote the reactions. In particular, instead of unstable N-Bn Strecker products, more stable N-CH2 (9-anthryl) and N-CH2 (1-naphthyl) Strecker products could be obtained in high yields with high enantioselectivities. By a switch of the present and previous catalyst systems, chemoselective cyanation to a ketoaldimine could be performed, respectively. Moreover, mechanistic investigations provided useful information regarding the active catalysts, catalytic cycles, and possible transition states.

Application In Synthesis of Diphenylmethanamine. About Diphenylmethanamine, If you have any questions, you can contact Hatano, M; Nishio, K; Mochizuki, T; Nishikawa, K; Ishihara, K or concate me.

Reference:
Amide – Wikipedia,
,Amide – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

An article 2-Azaallyl Anion Initiated Ring-Opening Polymerization of N-Sulfonyl Aziridines: One-Pot Synthesis of Primary Amine-Ended Telechelic Polyaziridines WOS:000469886700029 published article about FUNCTIONALIZED POLYMERS; POLY(ETHYLENE GLYCOL); TOSYL AZIRIDINES; POLYSTYRENE; COPOLYMERS in [Wang, Ying; Yang, Ruhan; Luo, Wenyi; Li, Zhunxuan; Zhang, Zhen; Wu, Chuande] Guangdong Univ Technol, Sch Chem Engn & Light Ind, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, Peoples R China; [Wu, Chuande] Zhejiang Univ, Dept Chem, State Key Lab Silicon Mat, Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang, Peoples R China; [Hadjichristidis, Nikos] KAUST, Polymer Synth Lab, KAUST Catalysis Ctr, Phys Sci & Engn Div, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia in 2019.0, Cited 50.0. The Name is Diphenylmethanamine. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 91-00-9. COA of Formula: C13H13N

Using the easily accessible 2-azaallyl anions as initiators, the one-pot synthesis of well-defined primary amine-ended telechelic polyaziridines (alpha-NH2 PAzs) has been achieved through the ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of N-sulfonyl aziridines followed by hydrolysis of the diphenylketimine moiety (-N=C-Ph-2). The 2-azaallyl anions were synthesized from the reaction of diphenylketimine or N-[aryl-methylene]-alpha-phenylbenzenemethanamine with potassium bis(trimethylsilyl) amide (KHMDS) in situ and used to initiate the ROP of aziridines leading to well-defined alpha-(Ph2C=N)-alpha’-aryl-omega-NH PAzs. Along with the diphenylketimine group (-N=C-Ph-2), aryl functionalities, such as pyridine and triphenylphosphine moieties, can also be incorporated to the chain end. Chain extension has been applied for the synthesis of poly(N-sulfonyl aziridine)-block-poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (PAz-b-PCL) block copolymers by utilization of the primary amine end group as initiating sites for the ROP of epsilon-caprolactone catalyzed by tin 2-ethyl hexanoate (SnOct(2)). Taking advantage of this synthetic approach, core cross-linked multiarm star (CCS) polymers with an outermost shell having amino and triphenylphosphine functionalities have been synthesized via arm-first strategy.

About Diphenylmethanamine, If you have any questions, you can contact Wang, Y; Yang, RH; Luo, WY; Li, ZX; Zhang, Z; Wu, CD; Hadjichristidis, N or concate me.. COA of Formula: C13H13N

Reference:
Amide – Wikipedia,
,Amide – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Ito, T; Shiota, R; Taniguchi, N; Spontak, RJ; Nagai, K in [Ito, Tsubasa; Shiota, Ryunosuke; Taniguchi, Naomi; Nagai, Kazukiyo] Meiji Univ, Dept Appl Chem, Tama Ku, 1-1-1 Higashi Mita, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 2148571, Japan; [Spontak, Richard J.] North Carolina State Univ, Dept Chem & Biomol Engn, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA; [Spontak, Richard J.] North Carolina State Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA published Gas-separation and physical properties of ABA triblock copolymers synthesized from polyimide and hydrophilic adamantane derivatives in 2020.0, Cited 44.0. Category: amides-buliding-blocks. The Name is 2-(4-Aminophenyl)ethanol. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 104-10-9.

In this study, ABA triblock copolymers derived from 4,4′-(hexafluoroisopropylidene)-diphthalic anhydride-2,3,5,6-tetramethyl-1,4-phenylenediamine (6FDA-TeMPD; PI) and 3-hydroxy-1-adamantyl methacrylate (HAdMA) or 3,5-dihydroxy-1-adamantyl methacrylate (DHAdMA) have been synthesized via atom transfer radical polymerization to generate mechanically tough and thermally stable gas-separation membranes with composition-tunable transport properties. Due to the inherent thermodynamic incompatibility between the chemically dissimilar blocks, these two series of triblock copolymers appear microphase-separated. While the gas permeability coefficients of these triblock copolymer membranes are consistently lower than that of PI due to the reduced fractional free volume of HAdMA and DHAdMA, the solubility coefficients of the copolymers are higher than that of PI due presumably to specific interactions between the polar hydroxyl group(s) and penetrant gas molecules. These triblock copolymers synthesized from PI and hydrophilic adamantane derivatives constitute a new class of nanostructured polymeric materials possessing excellent thermomechanical properties in conjunction with designer gas-separation properties.

Category: amides-buliding-blocks. About 2-(4-Aminophenyl)ethanol, If you have any questions, you can contact Ito, T; Shiota, R; Taniguchi, N; Spontak, RJ; Nagai, K or concate me.

Reference:
Amide – Wikipedia,
,Amide – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

An article Visible-light-induced denitrogenative phosphorylation of benzotriazinones: a metal- and additive-free method for accessing ortho-phosphorylated benzamide derivatives WOS:000608623000013 published article about ALKYNE INSERTION; LIGANDS; ACIDS; ANNULATION; 1,2,3-BENZOTRIAZIN-4(3H)-ONES in [Tang, Guo] Xiamen Univ, Dept Chem, Coll Chem & Chem Engn, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, Peoples R China; Xiamen Univ, Key Lab Chem Biol Fujian Prov, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, Peoples R China in 2021, Cited 54. The Name is Benzo[d][1,2,3]triazin-4(3H)-one. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 90-16-4. Formula: C7H5N3O

Metal-free, visible-light-induced denitrogenative phosphorylation of 1,2,3-benzotriazinones was achieved. With the use of eosin Y as a photoredox catalyst, N,N-diisopropylethylamine as a base, CH3CN-H2O as a solvent and sunlight or a blue LED as a light source, a variety of aryl-phosphonates, aryl-phosphinates, and aryl-phosphine oxides were efficiently prepared. In addition, B(2)pin(2) instead of P-nucleophiles as a radical acceptor was also demonstrated. The key advantages of this newly developed method are the clean reaction profile, use of a low-cost organic-dye catalyst, energy efficiency, broad substrate scope, good to excellent yields and large-scale synthetic applicability. The gram-scale synthesised compounds could be isolated in pure form just upon extraction, followed by re-crystallisation; no tedious chromatographic purification was required.

Formula: C7H5N3O. About Benzo[d][1,2,3]triazin-4(3H)-one, If you have any questions, you can contact Chen, FS; Hu, SS; Li, SP; Tang, G; Zhao, YF or concate me.

Reference:
Patent; Guizhou University; Xue Wei; Zhang Juping; Zhang Cheng; Chen Lijuan; Wang Yihui; Li Pu; Li Qin; Ruan Xianghui; Wang Xiaobin; Wu Xiaoqiong; Wang Jun; (24 pag.)CN107602493; (2019); B;,
Amide – Wikipedia,
Amide – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

In 2020 PHOSPHORUS SULFUR published article about ANTICANCER; DISCOVERY; LARGAZOLE in [Chen, Xiulei; Zhou, Zhen; Li, Zhong; Xu, Xiaoyong] East China Univ Sci & Technol, Sch Pharm, Shanghai Key Lab Chem Biol, Shanghai 200237, Peoples R China; [Li, Zhong; Xu, Xiaoyong] Shanghai Collaborat Innovat Ctr Biomfg Technol, Shanghai, Peoples R China in 2020, Cited 29. The Name is Benzo[d][1,2,3]triazin-4(3H)-one. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 90-16-4. Quality Control of Benzo[d][1,2,3]triazin-4(3H)-one

A series of novel 1,2,3-benzotriazin-4-one derivatives containing 4,5-dihydrothiazole-2-thiol were synthesized and characterized by H-1 NMR, C-13 NMR, F-19 NMR and HRMS. The bioassay results showed that compounds 3-(3-((4,5-dihydrothiazol-2-yl)thio)propyl)-7-methoxybenzo[d][1-3]triazin-4(3H)-one, 3-(3-((4,5-dihydrothiazol-2-yl)thio)propyl)-6-nitrobenzo[d][1-3]triazin-4(3H)-one, 7-chloro-3-(3-((4,5-dihydrothiazol-2-yl)thio)propyl)benzo[d][1-3]triazin-4(3H)-one exhibited good control efficacy against the cucumber root-knot nematode disease caused by Meloidogyne incognita at the concentration of 10.0 mg L-1 in vivo. Compound 7-chloro-3-(3-((4,5-dihydrothiazol-2-yl)thio)propyl)benzo[d][1-3]triazin-4(3H)-one showed excellent nematicidal activity with inhibition 68.3% at a concentration of 1.0 mg L-1. It suggested that the structure of 1,2,3-benzotriazin-4-one containing 4,5-dihydro-thiazole-2-thiol could be optimized further.

Quality Control of Benzo[d][1,2,3]triazin-4(3H)-one. About Benzo[d][1,2,3]triazin-4(3H)-one, If you have any questions, you can contact Chen, XL; Zhou, Z; Li, Z; Xu, XY or concate me.

Reference:
Patent; Guizhou University; Xue Wei; Zhang Juping; Zhang Cheng; Chen Lijuan; Wang Yihui; Li Pu; Li Qin; Ruan Xianghui; Wang Xiaobin; Wu Xiaoqiong; Wang Jun; (24 pag.)CN107602493; (2019); B;,
Amide – Wikipedia,
Amide – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Authors Chen, XL; Zhou, Z; Li, Z; Xu, XY in TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD published article about ANTICANCER; DISCOVERY; LARGAZOLE in [Chen, Xiulei; Zhou, Zhen; Li, Zhong; Xu, Xiaoyong] East China Univ Sci & Technol, Sch Pharm, Shanghai Key Lab Chem Biol, Shanghai 200237, Peoples R China; [Li, Zhong; Xu, Xiaoyong] Shanghai Collaborat Innovat Ctr Biomfg Technol, Shanghai, Peoples R China in 2020, Cited 29. Recommanded Product: 90-16-4. The Name is Benzo[d][1,2,3]triazin-4(3H)-one. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 90-16-4

A series of novel 1,2,3-benzotriazin-4-one derivatives containing 4,5-dihydrothiazole-2-thiol were synthesized and characterized by H-1 NMR, C-13 NMR, F-19 NMR and HRMS. The bioassay results showed that compounds 3-(3-((4,5-dihydrothiazol-2-yl)thio)propyl)-7-methoxybenzo[d][1-3]triazin-4(3H)-one, 3-(3-((4,5-dihydrothiazol-2-yl)thio)propyl)-6-nitrobenzo[d][1-3]triazin-4(3H)-one, 7-chloro-3-(3-((4,5-dihydrothiazol-2-yl)thio)propyl)benzo[d][1-3]triazin-4(3H)-one exhibited good control efficacy against the cucumber root-knot nematode disease caused by Meloidogyne incognita at the concentration of 10.0 mg L-1 in vivo. Compound 7-chloro-3-(3-((4,5-dihydrothiazol-2-yl)thio)propyl)benzo[d][1-3]triazin-4(3H)-one showed excellent nematicidal activity with inhibition 68.3% at a concentration of 1.0 mg L-1. It suggested that the structure of 1,2,3-benzotriazin-4-one containing 4,5-dihydro-thiazole-2-thiol could be optimized further.

Recommanded Product: 90-16-4. About Benzo[d][1,2,3]triazin-4(3H)-one, If you have any questions, you can contact Chen, XL; Zhou, Z; Li, Z; Xu, XY or concate me.

Reference:
Patent; Guizhou University; Xue Wei; Zhang Juping; Zhang Cheng; Chen Lijuan; Wang Yihui; Li Pu; Li Qin; Ruan Xianghui; Wang Xiaobin; Wu Xiaoqiong; Wang Jun; (24 pag.)CN107602493; (2019); B;,
Amide – Wikipedia,
Amide – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Authors Chen, XL; Jia, HW; Li, Z; Xu, XY in ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC published article about BIOLOGICAL-ACTIVITIES; MANNICH-BASES; DESIGN; ANTIFUNGAL; FLUORINE; PRODUCT; ANALOGS in [Chen, Xiulei; Jia, Haowu; Li, Zhong; Xu, Xiaoyong] East China Univ Sci & Technol, Sch Pharm, Shanghai Key Lab Chem Biol, Shanghai 200237, Peoples R China; [Li, Zhong; Xu, Xiaoyong] Shanghai Collaborat Innovat Ctr Biomfg Technol, Shanghai 200237, Peoples R China in 2019, Cited 24. Safety of Benzo[d][1,2,3]triazin-4(3H)-one. The Name is Benzo[d][1,2,3]triazin-4(3H)-one. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 90-16-4

To explore new skeleton with nematicidal activity, a series of novel 1,2,3-benzotriazin-4-one derivatives containing piperazine as linker were synthesized and varied fragments were also introduced to increase structure diversity of the new skeleton. Their inhibitory activities in vivo were evaluated against Meloidogyne incognita. The newly prepared compounds A6, A8, A21, A28 and A38 exhibited more than 50% inhibition at the concentration of 20 mg/L. Especially compound A6 displayed 71.4% inhibition against Meloidogyne incognita at the concentration of 20 mg/L. The nematicidal activities varied significantly depending on the types and positions of the substituents, which provided guidance for further structure modification. (C) 2019 Chinese Chemical Society and Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Safety of Benzo[d][1,2,3]triazin-4(3H)-one. About Benzo[d][1,2,3]triazin-4(3H)-one, If you have any questions, you can contact Chen, XL; Jia, HW; Li, Z; Xu, XY or concate me.

Reference:
Patent; Guizhou University; Xue Wei; Zhang Juping; Zhang Cheng; Chen Lijuan; Wang Yihui; Li Pu; Li Qin; Ruan Xianghui; Wang Xiaobin; Wu Xiaoqiong; Wang Jun; (24 pag.)CN107602493; (2019); B;,
Amide – Wikipedia,
Amide – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Product Details of 90-16-4. In 2021 GREEN CHEM published article about ALKYNE INSERTION; LIGANDS; ACIDS; ANNULATION; 1,2,3-BENZOTRIAZIN-4(3H)-ONES in [Tang, Guo] Xiamen Univ, Dept Chem, Coll Chem & Chem Engn, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, Peoples R China; Xiamen Univ, Key Lab Chem Biol Fujian Prov, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, Peoples R China in 2021, Cited 54. The Name is Benzo[d][1,2,3]triazin-4(3H)-one. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 90-16-4.

Metal-free, visible-light-induced denitrogenative phosphorylation of 1,2,3-benzotriazinones was achieved. With the use of eosin Y as a photoredox catalyst, N,N-diisopropylethylamine as a base, CH3CN-H2O as a solvent and sunlight or a blue LED as a light source, a variety of aryl-phosphonates, aryl-phosphinates, and aryl-phosphine oxides were efficiently prepared. In addition, B(2)pin(2) instead of P-nucleophiles as a radical acceptor was also demonstrated. The key advantages of this newly developed method are the clean reaction profile, use of a low-cost organic-dye catalyst, energy efficiency, broad substrate scope, good to excellent yields and large-scale synthetic applicability. The gram-scale synthesised compounds could be isolated in pure form just upon extraction, followed by re-crystallisation; no tedious chromatographic purification was required.

About Benzo[d][1,2,3]triazin-4(3H)-one, If you have any questions, you can contact Chen, FS; Hu, SS; Li, SP; Tang, G; Zhao, YF or concate me.. Product Details of 90-16-4

Reference:
Patent; Guizhou University; Xue Wei; Zhang Juping; Zhang Cheng; Chen Lijuan; Wang Yihui; Li Pu; Li Qin; Ruan Xianghui; Wang Xiaobin; Wu Xiaoqiong; Wang Jun; (24 pag.)CN107602493; (2019); B;,
Amide – Wikipedia,
Amide – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics