Tag: 200-300

A Deep Dive into the Complex Chemical Mixture and Toxicity of Tire Wear Particle Leachate in Fathead Minnow was written by Chibwe, Leah;Parrott, Joanne L.;Shires, Kallie;Khan, Hufsa;Clarence, Stacey;Lavalle, Christine;Sullivan, Cheryl;O′Brien, Anna M.;De Silva, Amila O.;Muir, Derek C. G.;Rochman, Chelsea M.. And the article was included in Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry in 2022.Safety of 1,3-Dicyclohexylurea This article mentions the following:

The ecol. impact of tire wear particles in aquatic ecosystems is a growing environmental concern. We combined toxicity testing, using fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) embryos, with nontarget high-resolution liquid chromatog. Orbitrap mass spectrometry to characterize the toxicity and chem. mixture of organic chems. associated with tire particle leachates. We assessed: 1) exposure to tire particle leachates after leaching for 1-, 3-, and 10-d; and 2) the effect of the presence and absence of small tire particulates in the leachates. We observed a decrease in embryonic heart rates, hatching success, and lengths, as well as an increase in the number of embryos with severe deformities and diminished eye and body pigmentation, after exposure to the leachates. Overall, there was a pattern whereby we observed more toxicity in the 10-d leachates, and greater toxicity in unfiltered leachates. Redundancy anal. showed that several benzothiazoles and aryl-amines were correlated with the toxic effects observed in the embryos. These included benzothiazole, 2-aminobenzothiazole, 2-mercaptobenzothiazole, N,N′-diphenylguanidine, and N,N′-diphenylurea. However, many other chems. characterized as unknowns are likely to also play a key role in the adverse effects observed Our study provides insight into the types of chems. likely to be important toxicol. drivers in tire leachates, and improves our understanding of the ecotoxicol. impacts of tire wear particles. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;00:1-10. 2021 The Authors. Environmental Toxicol. and Chem. published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 1,3-Dicyclohexylurea (cas: 2387-23-7Safety of 1,3-Dicyclohexylurea).

1,3-Dicyclohexylurea (cas: 2387-23-7) belongs to amides. Compared to amines, amides are very weak bases and do not have clearly defined acid–base properties in water. On the other hand, amides are much stronger bases than esters, aldehydes, and ketones. Ionic, or saltlike, amides are strongly alkaline compounds ordinarily made by treating ammonia, an amine, or a covalent amide with a reactive metal such as sodium.Safety of 1,3-Dicyclohexylurea

Referemce:
Amide – Wikipedia,
Amide – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of sulfonic acid ester and benzenesulfonamide derivatives as potential CETP inhibitors was written by Abu Khalaf, Reema;Abu Sheikha, Ghassan;Al-Sha’er, Mahmoud;Albadawi, Ghadeer;Taha, Mutasem. And the article was included in Medicinal Chemistry Research in 2012.Category: amides-buliding-blocks This article mentions the following:

Epidemiol. studies have established an inverse relationship between plasma high-d. lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol concentration, and incidence of coronary artery disease (CAD); thus, the development of novel therapies that attempt to exploit the atheroprotective functions of HDL is a major goal. Inhibition of cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) is one of the approaches targeted to increase HDL cholesterol concentration CETP is a glycoprotein involved in transporting lipoprotein particles and neutral lipids between HDL and low-d. lipoproteins (LDL), and therefore CETP inhibitors could be useful agents in the future for treating dyslipidemia and related disorders. Guided by our previously reported pharmacophore and QSAR models for CETP inhibition, we synthesized and bioassayed a series of sulfonic acid ester and benzenesulfonamide derivatives that can serve as a promising lead compounds for the development of potential and selective CETP inhibitors. The most potent compound 6k illustrated an IC₅₀ of 3.4 μM. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-4-methylbenzenesulfonamide (cas: 1146-43-6Category: amides-buliding-blocks).

N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-4-methylbenzenesulfonamide (cas: 1146-43-6) belongs to amides. The amide group is called a peptide bond when it is part of the main chain of a protein, and an isopeptide bond when it occurs in a side chain, such as in the amino acids asparagine and glutamine. The presence of the amide group –C(=O)N– is generally easily established, at least in small molecules. It can be distinguished from nitro and cyano groups in IR spectra. Amides exhibit a moderately intense νCO band near 1650 cm−1. By 1H NMR spectroscopy, CONHR signals occur at low fields. In X-ray crystallography, the C(=O)N center together with the three immediately adjacent atoms characteristically define a plane.Category: amides-buliding-blocks

Referemce:
Amide – Wikipedia,
Amide – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Broadly Applicable Ytterbium-Catalyzed Esterification, Hydrolysis, and Amidation of Imides was written by Guissart, Celine;Barros, Andre;Rosa Barata, Luis;Evano, Gwilherm. And the article was included in Organic Letters in 2018.Application In Synthesis of 4-Bromo-N-methoxy-N-methylbenzamide This article mentions the following:

An efficient, broadly applicable, operationally simple, and divergent process for the transformation of imides into a range of carboxylic acid derivatives under mild conditions is reported. By simply using catalytic amounts of ytterbium(III) triflate as a Lewis acid promoter in the presence of alcs., water, amines, or N,O-dimethylhydroxylamine, a broad range of imides is smoothly and readily converted to the corresponding esters, carboxylic acids, amides, and Weinreb amides in good yields. This method notably enables an easy cleavage of oxazolidinone-based auxiliaries. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 4-Bromo-N-methoxy-N-methylbenzamide (cas: 192436-83-2Application In Synthesis of 4-Bromo-N-methoxy-N-methylbenzamide).

4-Bromo-N-methoxy-N-methylbenzamide (cas: 192436-83-2) belongs to amides. The amide group is called a peptide bond when it is part of the main chain of a protein, and an isopeptide bond when it occurs in a side chain, such as in the amino acids asparagine and glutamine. Amides are not in general accessible by the direct condensation of amines with carboxylic acids for two reasons: first, both components are readily deactivated by a transfer of a proton from the acid to the amine and second, the hydroxy unit on the carbonyl of the acid is a relatively poor leaving group. Nevertheless, the formation of five- and six-membered rings is often surprisingly simple provided that other factors can be brought into play to assist in the condensation.Application In Synthesis of 4-Bromo-N-methoxy-N-methylbenzamide

Referemce:
Amide – Wikipedia,
Amide – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Synthesis of 2-Benzylphenyl Ketones by Aryne Insertion into Unactivated C-C Bonds was written by Rao, Bin;Tang, Jinghua;Zeng, Xiaoming. And the article was included in Organic Letters in 2016.Synthetic Route of C10H10F3NO2 This article mentions the following:

A transition-metal-free procedure to access functionalized 2-benzylphenyl ketones is described by direct insertion of arynes into benzylic C-C bonds. This reaction was promoted by cesium fluoride at room temperature, allowing the products to form in high selectivity and achieve good functional group tolerance. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, N-Methoxy-N-methyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide (cas: 116332-61-7Synthetic Route of C10H10F3NO2).

N-Methoxy-N-methyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide (cas: 116332-61-7) belongs to amides. Amides include many other important biological compounds, as well as many drugs like paracetamol, penicillin and LSD. Low-molecular-weight amides, such as dimethylformamide, are common solvents. As a result of interactions such as these, the water solubility of amides is greater than that of corresponding hydrocarbons. These hydrogen bonds are also have an important role in the secondary structure of proteins.Synthetic Route of C10H10F3NO2

Referemce:
Amide – Wikipedia,
Amide – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Assessment of predictive models for estimating the acute aquatic toxicity of organic chemicals was written by Melnikov, Fjodor;Kostal, Jakub;Voutchkova-Kostal, Adelina;Zimmerman, Julie B.;T. Anastas, Paul. And the article was included in Green Chemistry in 2016.Recommanded Product: 10543-57-4 This article mentions the following:

In silico toxicity models are critical in addressing exptl. aquatic toxicity data gaps and prioritizing chems. for further assessment. Currently, a number of predictive in silico models for aquatic toxicity are available, but most models are challenged to produce accurate predictions across a wide variety of functional chem. classes. Appropriate model selection must be informed by the models’ applicability domain and performance within the chem. space of interest. Herein we assess five predictive models for acute aquatic toxicity to fish (ADMET Predictor, Computer-Aided Discovery and REdesign for Aquatic Toxicity (CADRE-AT), Ecol. Structure Activity Relationships (ECOSAR) v1.11, KAshinhou Tool for Ecotoxicity (KATE) on PAS 2011, and Toxicity Estimation Software Tool (TEST) v.4). The test data set was carefully constructed to include 83 structurally diverse chems. distinct from the training data sets of the assessed models. The acute aquatic toxicity models that rely on properties related to chems.’ bioavailability or reactivity performed better than purely statistical algorithms trained on large sets of chem. properties and structural descriptors. Most models showed a marked decrease in performance when assessing insoluble and ionized chems. In addition to comparing tool accuracy and, this anal. provides insights that can guide selection of modeling tools for specific chem. classes and help inform future model development for improved accuracy. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, N,N-(Ethane-1,2-diyl)bis(N-acetylacetamide) (cas: 10543-57-4Recommanded Product: 10543-57-4).

N,N-(Ethane-1,2-diyl)bis(N-acetylacetamide) (cas: 10543-57-4) belongs to amides. The amide group is called a peptide bond when it is part of the main chain of a protein, and an isopeptide bond when it occurs in a side chain, such as in the amino acids asparagine and glutamine. Amides can be recrystallised from large quantities of water, ethanol, ethanol/ether, aqueous ethanol, chloroform/toluene, chloroform or acetic acid. The likely impurities are the parent acids or the alkyl esters from which they have been made. The former can be removed by thorough washing with aqueous ammonia followed by recrystallisation, whereas elimination of the latter is by trituration or recrystallisation from an organic solvent.Recommanded Product: 10543-57-4

Referemce:
Amide – Wikipedia,
Amide – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

One-pot palladium-catalyzed synthesis of sulfonyl fluorides from aryl bromides was written by Davies, Alyn T.;Curto, John M.;Bagley, Scott W.;Willis, Michael C.. And the article was included in Chemical Science in 2017.Electric Literature of C9H10BrNO2 This article mentions the following:

A mild, efficient synthesis of sulfonyl fluorides from aryl and heteroaryl bromides utilizing palladium catalysis is described. The process involves the initial palladium-catalyzed sulfonylation of aryl bromides using DABSO as an SO₂ source, followed by in situ treatment of the resultant sulfinate with the electrophilic fluorine source NFSI. This sequence represents the first general method for the sulfonylation of aryl bromides, and offers a practical, one-pot alternative to previously described synthesis of sulfonyl fluorides, allowing rapid access to these biol. important mols. Excellent functional group tolerance is demonstrated, with the transformation successfully achieved on a number of active pharmaceutical ingredients, and their precursors. The preparation of peptide-derived sulfonyl fluorides is also demonstrated. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 4-Bromo-N-methoxy-N-methylbenzamide (cas: 192436-83-2Electric Literature of C9H10BrNO2).

4-Bromo-N-methoxy-N-methylbenzamide (cas: 192436-83-2) belongs to amides. Compared to amines, amides are very weak bases and do not have clearly defined acid–base properties in water. On the other hand, amides are much stronger bases than esters, aldehydes, and ketones. In simple aromatic amides, fragmentation occurs on both sides of the carbonyl group. If a hydrogen is available in N-substituted aromatic amides, it tends to migrate and form an aromatic amine and the loss of a ketene.Electric Literature of C9H10BrNO2

Referemce:
Amide – Wikipedia,
Amide – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Ring-Opening Fluorination of Isoxazoles was written by Komatsuda, Masaaki;Ohki, Hugo;Kondo, Hiroki Jr.;Suto, Ayane;Yamaguchi, Junichiro. And the article was included in Organic Letters in 2022.Synthetic Route of C10H10F3NO2 This article mentions the following:

A series of tertiary fluorinated carbonyls I [R¹ = Ph, 2-naphthyl, 2-thienyl, etc.; R² = Me, nBu, (CH₂)₂Ph, etc.] was developed via ring-opening fluorination of isoxazoles by using an electrophilic fluorinating agent (Selectfluor) followed by deprotonation. This method featured mild reaction conditions, good functional group tolerance and a simple exptl. procedure. Diverse transformations of the resulting α-fluorocyanoketones were also demonstrated, furnished a variety of fluorinated compounds In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, N-Methoxy-N-methyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide (cas: 116332-61-7Synthetic Route of C10H10F3NO2).

N-Methoxy-N-methyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide (cas: 116332-61-7) belongs to amides. Because of the greater electronegativity of oxygen, the carbonyl (C=O) is a stronger dipole than the N–C dipole. The presence of a C=O dipole and, to a lesser extent a N–C dipole, allows amides to act as H-bond acceptors. Amides can be recrystallised from large quantities of water, ethanol, ethanol/ether, aqueous ethanol, chloroform/toluene, chloroform or acetic acid. The likely impurities are the parent acids or the alkyl esters from which they have been made. The former can be removed by thorough washing with aqueous ammonia followed by recrystallisation, whereas elimination of the latter is by trituration or recrystallisation from an organic solvent.Synthetic Route of C10H10F3NO2

Referemce:
Amide – Wikipedia,
Amide – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Validation of the CULTEX Radial Flow System for the assessment of the acute inhalation toxicity of airborne particles was written by Tsoutsoulopoulos, Amelie;Gohlsch, Katrin;Moehle, Niklas;Breit, Andreas;Hoffmann, Sebastian;Krischenowski, Olaf;Mueckter, Harald;Gudermann, Thomas;Thiermann, Horst;Aufderheide, Michaela;Steinritz, Dirk. And the article was included in Toxicology In Vitro in 2019.COA of Formula: C10H16N2O4 This article mentions the following:

The CULTEX Radial Flow System (RFS) is a modular in vitro system for the homogenous exposure of cells to airborne particles at the air-liquid interface (ALI). A former pre-validation study successfully demonstrated the general applicability of the CULTEX RFS and its transferability, stability and reproducibility. Based on these results, the methodol. was optimized, validated and prediction models for acute inhalation hazards were established. Cell viability of A549 cells after ALI exposure to 20 pre-selected test substances was assessed in three independent laboratories Cytotoxicity of test substances was compared to the resp. incubator controls and used as an indicator of toxicity. Substances were considered to exert an acute inhalation hazard when viability decreased below 50% (prediction model (PM) 50%) or 75% (PM 75%) at any of three exposure doses (25, 50 or 100 μg/cm²). Results were then compared to existing in vivo data and revealed an overall concordance of 85%, with a specificity of 83% and a sensitivity of 88%. Depending on the applied PM, the within-laboratory and between-laboratory reproducibility ranged from 90 to 100%. In summary, the CULTEX RFS was proven as a transferable, reproducible and well predictive screening method for the qual. assessment of the acute pulmonary cytotoxicity of airborne particles. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, N,N-(Ethane-1,2-diyl)bis(N-acetylacetamide) (cas: 10543-57-4COA of Formula: C10H16N2O4).

N,N-(Ethane-1,2-diyl)bis(N-acetylacetamide) (cas: 10543-57-4) belongs to amides. Amides are pervasive in nature and technology. Proteins and important plastics like Nylons, Aramid, Twaron, and Kevlar are polymers whose units are connected by amide groups (polyamides); these linkages are easily formed, confer structural rigidity, and resist hydrolysis. Amides can be freed from solvent or water by drying below their melting points. These purifications can also be used for sulfonamides and acid hydrazides.COA of Formula: C10H16N2O4

Referemce:
Amide – Wikipedia,
Amide – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Anodic Oxidation and Organocatalysis: Direct Regio- and Stereoselective Access to meta-Substituted Anilines by α-Arylation of Aldehydes was written by Jensen, Kim L.;Franke, Patrick T.;Nielsen, Lasse T.;Daasbjerg, Kim;Joergensen, Karl Anker. And the article was included in Angewandte Chemie, International Edition in 2010.SDS of cas: 1146-43-6 This article mentions the following:

An anodic oxidation/organocatalytic protocol for α-arylation of aldehydes using substituted electron-rich aromatic compounds provided meta-substituted anilines, e.g. I, in good yields with excellent enantioselectivities. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-4-methylbenzenesulfonamide (cas: 1146-43-6SDS of cas: 1146-43-6).

N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-4-methylbenzenesulfonamide (cas: 1146-43-6) belongs to amides. Amides include many other important biological compounds, as well as many drugs like paracetamol, penicillin and LSD. Low-molecular-weight amides, such as dimethylformamide, are common solvents. Amides are stable compounds. The lower-melting members (such as acetamide) can be readily purified by fractional distillation. Most amides are solids which have low solubilities in water.SDS of cas: 1146-43-6

Referemce:
Amide – Wikipedia,
Amide – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Copper(I)-catalyzed site-selective C(sp³)-H bond chlorination of ketones, (E)-enones and alkylbenzenes by dichloramine-T was written by Jin, Jianwen;Zhao, Yichao;Kyne, Sara Helen;Farshadfar, Kaveh;Ariafard, Alireza;Chan, Philip Wai Hong. And the article was included in Nature Communications in 2021.Electric Literature of C10H10F3NO2 This article mentions the following:

Here, a copper(I)-catalyzed synthetic method for the efficient site-selective C(sp³)-H bond chlorination of ketones, (E)-enones and alkylbenzenes by dichloramine-T at room temperature were reported. A key feature of the broad substrate scope is tolerance to unsaturation, which would normally pose an immense challenge in chemoselective aliphatic C-H bond functionalization. By unlocking dichloramine-T’s potential as a chlorine radical atom source, the product site-selectivities achieved were among the most selective in alkane functionalization and should find widespread utility in chem. synthesis. This was exemplified by the late-stage site-selective modification of a number of natural products and bioactive compounds and gram-scale preparation and formal synthesis of two drug mols. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, N-Methoxy-N-methyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide (cas: 116332-61-7Electric Literature of C10H10F3NO2).

N-Methoxy-N-methyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide (cas: 116332-61-7) belongs to amides. The solubilities of amides and esters are roughly comparable. Typically amides are less soluble than comparable amines and carboxylic acids since these compounds can both donate and accept hydrogen bonds. Tertiary amides, with the important exception of N,N-dimethylformamide, exhibit low solubility in water. Amides can be recrystallised from large quantities of water, ethanol, ethanol/ether, aqueous ethanol, chloroform/toluene, chloroform or acetic acid. The likely impurities are the parent acids or the alkyl esters from which they have been made. The former can be removed by thorough washing with aqueous ammonia followed by recrystallisation, whereas elimination of the latter is by trituration or recrystallisation from an organic solvent.Electric Literature of C10H10F3NO2

Referemce:
Amide – Wikipedia,
Amide – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics